BRAZIL: LEPROSY (30,000 new cases YEARLY)

PRO/EDR> Leprosy - Brazil: thalidomide use, birth defects Inbox x promed@promedmail.org 02:39 (11 hours ago) to promed, promed-edr LEPROSY - BRAZIL: THALIDOMIDE USE, BIRTH DEFECTS ************************************************ A ProMED-mail post ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases Date: Tue 23 Jul 2013 Source: BBC News Magazine [edited] A new scientific study seen exclusively by the BBC indicates that the drug thalidomide is still causing birth defects in Brazil today. It's been given to people suffering from leprosy to ease some of their symptoms, and some women have taken it unaware of the risks they run when pregnant. Thalidomide was 1st marketed in the late 1950s as a sedative. It was given to pregnant women to help them overcome morning sickness, but it damaged babies in the womb, restricting the growth of arms and legs. About 10 000 thalidomide babies were born worldwide until the drug was withdrawn in the early 1960s. In most countries the thalidomide children became thalidomide adults, now in their 50s, and there were no more thalidomide babies. But in Brazil the drug was re-licensed in 1965 as a treatment for skin lesions, one of the complications of leprosy. Leprosy is more prevalent in Brazil than in any other country except India. More than 30 000 new cases are diagnosed each year -- and millions of thalidomide pills are distributed. Researchers now say 100 Brazilian children have injuries exactly like those caused by thalidomide. "A tragedy is occurring in Brazil... it is a syndrome which is completely avoidable," says Dr Lavinia Schuler-Faccini, a professor at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. But campaigners, doctors and leprosy sufferers say the drug is vital. They believe the benefits outweigh the risks. Schuler-Faccini and other researchers from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre looked at the birth records of 17.5 million babies born between 2005 and 2010. "We looked at all children with limb defects and those with the characteristic defects of thalidomide," Schuler-Faccini says. We compared the distribution of thalidomide tablets with the number of limb defects and there was a direct correlation. The bigger the amount of pills in each state the higher the number of limb defects." In the same 2005-2010 period, 5.8 million thalidomide pills were distributed across Brazil. "We had about 100 cases in these 6 years similar to thalidomide syndrome," says another of the research team, Dr Fernanda Vianna. "We couldn't evaluate each case, we cannot say that all are cases of thalidomide syndrome, but this type of defect is very rare." Poor health education and widespread sharing of medicines may [also] be to blame, she says. "[A patient] said that the doctor didn't tell him that women couldn't take it. He said they didn't tell him anything about it." There are strict regulations around the drug. It can only be prescribed to a woman who is taking 2 forms of birth control and agrees to regular pregnancy tests. There are clear warnings on the packets and there is a picture of a child damaged by thalidomide. But leprosy is a disease of the poor, in areas where health care is patchy and education is inadequate. The Amazon region, where access to the health system can be difficult, is particularly hard hit. And plenty of people in Brazil argue that thalidomide should continue to be used. "Nowadays there is a myth about thalidomide," says Mariana Jankunas, production coordinator at FUNED, a state-owned manufacturer of the drug. "I think with information and publicity about the benefits that thalidomide brings to patients, this myth can be overcome, because the benefits outweigh the risks." Doctors who prescribe the drug agree. "It is the best drug," says Dr Francisco Reis, from the Leprosy Clinic at Curupaiti Hospital near Rio de Janiero. When I tell him that many people may be shocked to hear thalidomide is still being used he responds: "You have the ghosts of thalidomide in the 50s, but you should forget those ghosts." He introduces us to one of his patients, Tainah, who shows us how the medicine has reduced the debilitating lesions on her arms. "I know that I need the medicine," she tells us. She says she understands that if she doesn't take contraceptive pills she could get pregnant and give birth to a disabled child. Brazil is a country of enormous inequalities where 20 per cent of the population live below the poverty line. Overcrowded housing and poor health systems are common to both rural areas and the slums of the cities -- places where leprosy thrives. Where the disease is most common, thalidomide will continue to be prescribed and the risk of babies being born terribly injured will remain. Artur Custodio from Morhan, the national leprosy campaign group, recognises that the medicine is dangerous, but says it is cars that cause most injuries and disabilities in Brazil. "We don't talk about banning cars, we say we should teach people how to drive responsibly," he says. "It's the same thing for thalidomide." [byline: Angus Crawford] -- communicated by: ProMED-mail [Erythema nodosum (EN) is an inflammatory immunologic reaction in the subcutaneous fat to a variety of stimuli that results in tender, red subcutaneous nodules. EN is most common on both shins, but it may also occur on other areas of the body (buttocks, calves, ankles, thighs, and arms). Conditions associated with EN include streptococcal infection, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, ulcerative colitis, Behcet's disease, or drug reactions; as well as Hodgkin lymphoma, renal cell carcinoma and carcinomas of colon, pancreas and uterine cervix. EN also occurs as an immune response to the antigens of _Mycobacterium leprae_, the organism that causes leprosy and is called erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). ENL occurs most often in patients with lepromatous leprosy, and occasionally in borderline-lepromatous leprosy. It occurs during the course of treatment, and also occurs in untreated cases (). ENL presents with sudden appearance of tender, red nodules that are often accompanied by fever; pain; general malaise; muscle, bone and joint pain; and may involve other organs, including the eyes, nerves, lymph nodes, testes, kidneys, liver, and spleen. Mild ENL may last for about 2 weeks and be followed by a reaction-free period of a month or 2; severe ENL may persist for years. Thalidomide has been considered the treatment of choice for ENL, except in premenopausal women (), because use of the drug in pregnancy is associated with severe birth defects -- for example, missing or abnormal legs, arms, feet and hands; spinal cord defects; cleft lip or palate; absent or abnormal external ears; heart, kidney, and genital abnormalities; and abnormal formation of the digestive system. However, because of poor understanding of the risks involved by patients and perhaps health care workers, and widespread sharing of medicines, a resurgence of thalidomide-damaged babies is occurring in Brazil, as detailed in the news report above. There are several other treatments for ENL, including the oral drugs prednisolone and clofazimine. However, a Cochrane Review of 13 randomized controlled trials that involved 445 participants and assessed betamethasone (1 trial), thalidomide (5 trials), pentoxifylline (1 trial), clofazimine (3 trials), indomethacin (2 trials), and levamisole (1 trial) found these trials were too small and poorly performed to identify important clinical differences (). The World Health Organization (WHO) has published a statement on the use of thalidomide in leprosy (): "Several controlled studies done in the 1970s have demonstrated that prednisolone is more effective in controlling ENL and associated neuritis. In addition, it was demonstrated that clofazimine, an anti-leprosy drug introduced on a small scale in the early 1960s, had anti-inflammatory action. Studies showed that clofazimine is the drug of choice for the management of chronic, recurrent ENL reactions, as it had both anti-reaction and anti-leprosy effects. "The drug clofazimine is now a component of the multidrug therapy (MDT), introduced by WHO in 1981 as the standard treatment for leprosy and now supplied free of charge to all patients worldwide. The presence of clofazimine in the combination has significantly reduced the frequency and severity of ENL reactions. "Because of its known teratogenic [causing malformations of an embryo or fetus] effects, WHO does not recommend the use of thalidomide in leprosy. Experience has shown that it is virtually impossible to develop and implement a fool-proof surveillance mechanism to combat misuse of the drug. Today, a number of thalidomide babies continue to be born each year, reflecting regulatory insufficiency and widespread use under inadequate supervision." - Mod.ML

"LEUKAEMIA": Possible early Rx MGUS

publication > 19 July 2013 Leukemia advance online publication 19 July 2013; doi: 10.1038/leu.2013.199 Intraclonal heterogeneity is a critical early event in the development of myeloma and precedes the development of clinical symptoms B A Walker1,6, C P Wardell1,6, L Melchor1, A Brioli1,2, D C Johnson1, M F Kaiser1, F Mirabella1, L Lopez-Corral3, S Humphray4, L Murray4, M Ross4, D Bentley4, N C Gutiérrez3, R Garcia-Sanz3, J San Miguel3, F E Davies5, D Gonzalez1 and G J Morgan1 1Molecular Haematology, Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK 2Istituto di Ematologia Seràgnoli, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy 3Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Centro de Investigacion del Cancer (CIC) de Salamanca, Instituto Biosanitario de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain 4Illumina Cambridge Ltd, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford, Saffron Walden, UK 5Targeted Myeloma Treatment, Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK Correspondence: Professor GJ Morgan, Molecular Haematology, Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, London SM2 5NG, UK. Email: gareth.morgan@icr.ac.uk 6These authors contributed equally to this work. Received 18 April 2013; Revised 23 June 2013; Accepted 24 June 2013 Accepted article preview online 2 July 2013; Advance online publication 19 July 2013 Top of page Abstract The mechanisms involved in the progression from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering myeloma (SMM) to malignant multiple myeloma (MM) and plasma cell leukemia (PCL) are poorly understood but believed to involve the sequential acquisition of genetic hits. We performed exome and whole-genome sequencing on a series of MGUS (n=4), high-risk (HR)SMM (n=4), MM (n=26) and PCL (n=2) samples, including four cases who transformed from HR-SMM to MM, to determine the genetic factors that drive progression of disease. The pattern and number of non-synonymous mutations show that the MGUS disease stage is less genetically complex than MM, and HR-SMM is similar to presenting MM. Intraclonal heterogeneity is present at all stages and using cases of HR-SMM, which transformed to MM, we show that intraclonal heterogeneity is a typical feature of the disease. At the HR-SMM stage of disease, the majority of the genetic changes necessary to give rise to MM are already present. These data suggest that clonal progression is the key feature of transformation of HR-SMM to MM and as such the invasive clinically predominant clone typical of MM is already present at the SMM stage and would be amenable to therapeutic intervention at that stage.

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LINDO (private) WING of St.Mary's (teaching) Hosp LONDON (now part of IMPERIAL COLLEGE)

1937 F.C.LINDO , Hospital Board Member donated GBP 100,000 ($10-million today) St.Mary's Hosp on Praed St.close to PADDINGTON STATION(connection with Ascot, Eton, Oxford & Windsor). Menu & wine service. Cost of parturition between GBP 6-10,000.

FUTURE MEDICINE: Prof.S.SCHEY on MULTIPLE MYELOMA

International Journal of Hematologic Oncology April 2013, Vol. 2, No. 2, Pages 109-112 , DOI 10.2217/ijh.13.7 (doi:10.2217/ijh.13.7) Interview: A lifetime of working to improve outcomes in multiple myeloma Steve Schey* Steve Schey speaks to Roshaine Gunawardana, Managing Commissioning Editor: Professor Stephen Schey is Consultant Haematologist and Honorary Senior Lecturer at King’s College Hospital and King’s College School of Medicine, King’s College London (London, UK). Schey qualified at St George’s Hospital (London, UK) in 1974, and later travelled to Australia where he worked at the Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research in Sydney as Clinical Lecturer in Haematology. Subsequently, he returned to London to work at the Royal Free Hospital as Transplant Co-ordinator before working at the Royal Marsden (London, UK) and later the Middlesex Hospital (London, UK). Schey took up a Senior Lecturer post in 1985 and subsequently served as Director of Clinical Haematology for the Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust from 1993 to 2004. Schey has contributed his services to a number of national and international professional bodies. He was chair of the UK Myeloma Forum from 2003 to 2009, following two terms as the Secretary from 1997. This was a productive period during which Schey managed the development of guidelines, clinical trials and advocacy for the UK Myeloma Forum patients and healthcare professionals. He has been Clinical Research Lead for the South East London Cancer Network since 2005. He also served on the National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Haemoncology Cancer Steering Group between 2002 and 2010, the NCRI Industry Adoption Panel and was Chairman of the NCRI Myeloma Clinical Trials Committee until 2010. Schey was a member of the American Society for Hematology (ASH) Scientific Committee for Immunosecretory Disorders. He is currently the Professor of Plasma Cell Dyscrasias at King’s College London. Q What led to your initial interest in hematology and how did this evolve into a more specific interest in hemoncology? Previous sectionNext section I fell into hematology fortuitously when I took time out in the late 1970s and early 1980s to travel around the world. I initially had a job as a lecturer in medicine at Princess Alexandra Hospital (Brisbane, Australia) and was offered a post in the Institute of Pathology and Medical Research (Sydney, Australia) as a clinical lecturer in hematology at the Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research in Westmead Hospital (Sydney, Australia) by the Director at that time, Dr Wilbur Hughes. He was a superb teacher and I was fortunate enough to become involved in establishing the Bone Marrow Transplant Unit at Westmead and to then be offered a job back in the UK at the Royal Free Hospital in London (London, UK) as Transplant Coordinator by Professor Grant Prentice. My training and exposure to such leaders in the field of this exciting, newly emerging therapeutic area of hemopoeitic stem cell transplantation, here and subsequently at the Middlesex Hospital (London, UK), resulted in me developing an interest in malignant hematology. When I obtained my first consultant job at Guy’s Hospital (London, UK) in 1985, I realized that myeloma was a field where progress had not been made in the previous 25 years, unlike many other hematological tumors, and I resolved to focus my efforts on investigating this malignancy to improve outcomes. Q Some of your research interests include multiple myeloma and the bone marrow microenvironment. Can you briefly describe your latest research in these areas? The crosstalk between multiple myeloma (MM) cells and the cells in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, stromal cells and endothelial cells, are mediated by both soluble factors, as well as by cell–cell contact-dependent mechanisms, such as cellular adhesion molecules and interactions with extracellular matrix proteins. Such interactions result in antiapoptotic signaling and drug resistance, and myeloma cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis can therefore be modulated by both interacting directly with the myeloma cell itself and indirectly through influencing the cellular milieu of the BM. The myeloma group at King’s College London (London, UK) has been studying: ▪ The coordination between integrin-mediated adhesions and actin dynamics leading to cell polarity, directional migration and tissue invasion; ▪ The reciprocal communication between the cytoplasm and the nucleus through the organization of adhesion/cytoskeletal complexes leading to changes in protein levels that regulate the migratory/adhesive properties and tumor-initiating potential of cancer cells. We are currently studying the dynamics of adhesion and cytoskeletal remodeling in myeloma- and tumor-associated myeloid cells (macrophages, dendritic cells and osteoclasts) within the BM microenvironment. We believe these interactions are crucial for the proliferative potential of myeloma cells, their adhesion-dependent drug resistance and tissue invasion. They are also critical for specific features of myeloma, such as hyperactivation of osteoclasts leading to bone lytic lesions and fractures in patients. Currently under investigation is the myeloma cell podia. We are the first group to have identified and characterize podia as the structures that myeloma cells form to interact with BM stromal cells leading to cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance [1]. We combine our basic science with translational research to identify new anticancer therapies by performing functional studies to determine whether specific signaling pathways that are associated with cell adhesion in the tumor microenvironment can be used as therapeutic targets. In order to validate the identified targets we have developed a fluorescence-based experimental model based on fluorimetry, flow cytometry and image analysis that employs mCherry-labeled stromal cells (e.g., BM fibroblastic stromal cells) cocultured in direct contact with enhanced GFP-labeled tumor cell lines for accurate assessment of proliferation and viability in both cell compartments and adhesion of tumor cells. In addition, we use fluorescent-based image analysis to determine morphological changes that predict cell function (e.g., morphology of the actin cytoskeleton and nuclearity of osteoclasts to predict their bone resorption activity). Using this platform we have revealed that dexamethasone induces HS5 fibroblast proliferation and contact with MM cells via a process involving Src/c-Abl kinases. Osteoclasts also inhibited dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in myeloma cells while retaining their normal morphology and functionality in bone resorption. Myeloma resistance to dexamethasone supported by HS5 cells and osteoclasts was reversed by treatment with the Src/c-Abl inhibitor dasatinib but not with bortezomib. This model is scalable to high-throughput application and can be used for more accurate screening of drug efficacy in MM [2]. Effective candidates identified in vitro are then tested in vivo using a myeloma mouse model that we use for basic in vivo studies on adhesion and migration, and use this information to identify combinations that will lead to clinical trials. This new experimental platform provides a more focused model for screening of new therapeutics for improved efficacy of tumor cell killing within the BM microenvironment. Q Your expertise also extends to hemopoeitic stem cell transplantation. How have you seen this technique and its application develop in recent years? Previous sectionNext section The year before I qualified in 1968 the first successful hemopoeitic cell transplant was performed on three patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease in The Netherlands and the USA. Over the last 40 years there has been an explosion in our knowledge of hemopoiesis and immune biology that has seen better tissue typing and an expanding source of hemopoietic stem cells that has made this approach safer and available to a much increased number of patients. While autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation are set to play a role in patient management in the future, current research is looking at identifying which patients are most likely to benefit and, equally as important, who is not likely to benefit from transplantation and at what point in the pathway it should be applied. Biological and genetic engineering of the graft in the future may also be utilized to capitalize on the graft-versus-tumor effect to eradicate tumor stem cells. Q In your experience, what are the main challenges associated with the treatment of MM patients? Previous sectionNext section The massive increase in our understanding of the biology as well as the molecular and cytogenetic anomalies that underlie myeloma has resulted in an appreciation of the fact that myeloma is a heterogeneous disease. This knowledge has, in turn, led to the development of a large number of different classes of novel therapeutic agents and the concept of targeted therapy. Unfortunately, cytogenetic mutations are rarely single abnormalities, may vary in different parts of the tumor, and evolve and change over time, maybe even being driven by treatment. Hence, if one molecular pathway is therapeutically blocked the tumor can overcome this by utilizing a previously redundant pathway for progression or survival. For this reason no single drug is likely to be effective in all patients at all stages of the disease and this is the rationale that has led to combination treatment. Given the large and increasing number of new drugs that are in development, the challenge is to select and optimize appropriate drug combinations and to design and conduct clinical trials to identify the most effective combinations going forward. Although responses utilizing triple agents are approaching 100%, virtually all patients will relapse and die of their disease. We know that the microenvironmental tumor niche is able to protect the myeloma progenitor/stem cell from the effects of antitumor drugs, therefore, we need to devise ways of attacking the tumor precursors in their BM niche if we are to prevent relapse and cure the disease. The challenge is to develop strategies utilizing agents that will either attack the tumor cell in the BM niches or render them susceptible to currently available treatments. Q You have been the chief investigator and coinvestigator for several clinical trials. Why does drug-development research appeal to you? Previous sectionNext section The exciting thing about hematology is that when you see a patient you have the opportunity to follow them through all stages of the diagnostic and therapeutic pathway, first by assessing them clinically and then by performing and analyzing the laboratory investigations in order to come to a diagnosis. Patient-orientated clinical research offers the opportunity to then treat patients in novel ways to improve outcomes while investigating mechanisms of action. Q Could you outline the aims of the recent Phase III trial (MM-003) investigating pomalidomide in combination with low-dose dexamethasone? Previous sectionNext section The recent Phase III (MM-003) pomalidomide trial was a multicenter, randomized, open-label study comparing the efficacy and safety of pomalidomide in combination with low-dose dexamethasone versus high-dose dexamethasone in subjects with refractory, or relapsed and refractory MM [3]. Patients were eligible if they progressed on treatment or relapsed within 60 days of discontinuing their last antimyeloma treatment, which had to have included bortezomib and lenalidomide, either alone or in combination. Treatment was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occured. The primary end point was progression-free survival. Secondary end points were overall survival, overall response rate, time to progression and safety. Recent retrospective data published by a multicenter international myeloma working group [4] showed that in 286 myeloma patients who relapsed and/or were refractory to bortezomib, and relapsed or refractory to or ineligible to receive an immunomodulatory drug, the median overall survival and event-free survival were 9 and 5 months, respectively. This demonstrates an unmet need for patients who are no longer eligible or are unresponsive to current treatment options. Q How does pomalidomide differ from other available drugs, such as lenalidomide, and what were the main outcomes of the trial? Previous sectionNext section Pomalidomide is a new third-generation immunomodulatory agent originally known as CC-4047 that demonstrates in vitro anti-MM activity, and when compared with thalidomide and lenalidomide (Actimid™), has enhanced immunomodulatory activity through multiple mechanisms, including a direct apoptotic activity via caspase-8, inhibition of NF-κB activation and angiogenesis, and reduction of secretion of stromal cell stimulatory cytokines. Our first-in-man Phase I study of pomalidomide as a single agent in patients with relapsed/refractory MM established the maximum tolerated dose as 2 mg daily on days 1–28 of a 28-day cycle, and a subsequent study of 5 mg on alternate days was shown to be equally efficacious. The drug was well tolerated, the main side effect being myelosuppression, particularly neutropenia, but with a low rate of febrile neutropenia. Subsequently, it has been shown that when given in combination with dexamethasone in the relapsed/refractory setting it can induce partial responses in up to 67% of patients and very good partial responses or better in 33% of patients with median progression-free survivals of up to 12 months. Pomalidomide also shows activity in patients who are refractory to lenalidomide. More recently, the Mayo Group have shown refractoriness to both lenaolidomide and bortezomib using two different doses of pomalidomide in patients, with rates of minimal response in the 4- and 2-mg cohorts of 49 and 43%, respectively, including very good partial remission and partial response rates of 28.5 and 26%, respectively [5]. Furthermore, the responses occur rapidly within 2 months of initiating therapy and the median duration of response was not reached in the 2-mg dose study. Follow-up was only for 6 months but overall survival rates were 67 and 78% in the 4- and 2-mg cohorts. The average previous number of therapies in this current trial was five and 72% of patient entered were refractory to prior use of both lenalidomide and bortezomib. After a median follow-up of 18 months a significant increase in progression-free survival of 15.7 weeks in the combination of pomalidomide with low-dose steroid versus 8 weeks in the high-dose steroid arm (hazard ratio: 0.45; p < 0.001) was reported. Median overall survival was not reached in the combination arm, compared with a median of 35 weeks in the comparator arm (hazard ratio: 0.53; p < 0.001). An independent review by the study’s Data Safety Monitoring Board recommended that all patients in the high-dose steroid arm be switched over to treatment with pomalidomide and low-dose steroid, leading to a discontinuation of the comparator arm. The combination was well tolerated, although neutropenia (reported in 42% of patients on the combination and 15% in the comparator arm), thrombocytopenia (21 vs 24%, respectively) and fever (7 vs 0%, respectively) were reported in both arms. The primary reason for discontinuation was progressive disease (in 35 vs 49 patients, respectively). A total of 25% of patients died in both arms during the study, primarily from progressive disease and infections. Q Celgene (NJ, USA) anticipates a decision by the European regulatory authorities in the second half of 2013. Given the results of the trial, are you confident of a positive decision? Previous sectionNext section As we have become more successful with improved progression-free and overall survival in patients with myeloma, there is an increasing unmet need for agents and strategies to treat patients who have become resistant or refractory to currently available agents. Pomalidomide and the newer third-generation proteasome inhibitors are active in a significant proportion of these patients and have an excellent toxicity profile. I think that the improved survival and quality of life reported in those patients responding to treatment will result in a positive outcome from the regulatory authorities. Q If approved, how do you see pomalidomide impacting the MM patient population? Previous sectionNext section Given the plethora of active agents that are now available, we expect the vast majority of patients to respond to first-line therapy. However, the disease remains incurable with currently available treatments but patients are living 5–8 years longer than previously with a median overall survival of 7–10 years from diagnosis, with an excellent quality of life. I see pomalidomide being used in the intermediate future for patients who relapse or are refractory to our standard first-line agents, such as bortezomib and lenalidomide, and owing to its excellent tolerability and potent immunomodulatory activity I suspect this agent will have a role in long-term maintenance going forward. Q How would you like to see research in this field developing over the next 5–10 years? Previous sectionNext section I believe that the immune system will prove to be important in controlling myeloma progression and pomalidomide will be a valuable tool to explore this avenue of research. In clinical practice I believe pomalidomide will be used to maintain responses post-stem cell transplantation and possibly in preventing progression in high-risk monoclonal gammopathy. The excellent toxicity profile of pomalidomide makes it an ideal drug for long-term use as maintenance or to enhance immune strategies utilizing cellular and antibody therapy. Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this interview are those of the interviewee and do not necessarily reflect the views of Future Medicine Ltd. Financial & competing interests disclosure S Schey has no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

MYELOMA BEACON: ENT Dr.A.GOODMAN blog on personal therapy.

http://www.myelomabeacon.com/author/arnold-goodman FREE SUBSCRIPTION

USA NIH: GONORRHOEA - TREATMENT OF RESISTANT CASES.

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