NEW DISEASE:PASLI P110 delta Activating mutation causing Senescent T-cells, Lymphadenopathy, Immunodeficiency

NIH Scientists Identify a New Immunodeficiency Disease Condition May be Treatable with Anti-Rejection Drug The NIAID Primary Immune Deficiency Clinic is located in the NIH Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center. Credit: NIH. Scientists from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and National Human Genome Research Institute at the National Institutes of Health have identified a novel, genetic human immunodeficiency called PASLI disease. People with this disease have impaired immune responses, predisposing them to chronic infections and lymphoma, a form of cancer. After pinpointing the genetic cause of PASLI disease, researchers treated one patient with rapamycin, a drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent transplant rejection. The therapy showed promise and will be further evaluated in other patients. The study appears in the October 28, 2013, online issue of Nature Immunology. Background Primary immune deficiency diseases (PIDDs) are rare, genetic disorders that impair the immune system. Without a functional immune response, people with PIDDs may be subject to chronic, debilitating infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which also can increase the risk of developing cancer. PIDDs may be diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adulthood, depending on disease severity. They are estimated to affect more than 500,000 people in the United States. PIDDs usually are treated with therapies that broadly boost the immune response, such as regular infusions of antibodies from healthy blood donors. These therapies may not be completely effective or even target the underlying cause of disease. However, identification of the mutated gene responsible for a PIDD allows researchers to address the specific cause and test therapies that directly target the problem. NIAID runs a primary immune deficiency (PID) clinic, which operates on a referral basis. The goal of the clinic is to provide patients with an accurate disease diagnosis, particularly from a genetic standpoint, and help referring specialists improve patient care. Results of Study NIAID researchers and their collaborators identified a novel PIDD called PASLI disease, named after the mutated gene and its symptoms (p110 delta activating mutation causing senescent T cells, lymphadenopathy, and immunodeficiency). PASLI disease was initially detected in 6 patients who were referred to the NIAID PID Clinic. Upon further screening of the patients’ relatives, the disease was confirmed in 14 patients from 7 unrelated families of different ethnic and racial backgrounds. The patients have experienced recurring infections, including bacterial infections of the respiratory system and chronic viral infections with EBV, since childhood, and some have developed EBV-associated lymphoma. By studying this group, the researchers found that the patients have a mutation in their PIK3CD gene, resulting in an overactive protein called PI3K-p110 delta. PI3K proteins are essential for directing the growth and activity of many types of immune cells, and p110 delta is specifically involved in B and T cells, which make antibodies and recognize and eliminate infected cells, respectively. The mutated, overactive p110 delta protein causes a chain reaction of problems. By sending the wrong signals at the wrong times, it disrupts the normal development of B and T cells, increasing susceptibility to infection. The genetic information allowed the researchers to identify and target mTOR, an important signal that is excessively activated by p110 delta in PASLI patients. Drugs that block mTOR are already FDA-approved for the prevention of transplant rejection. One patient was treated with the drug rapamycin daily, which restored T cells to normal levels after 4 months. While the patient is not cured, normalization of T cells was adequate to improve disease symptoms. Significance The study has identified a novel immunodeficiency disease called PASLI, its underlying genetic cause, and a promising, targeted treatment that is already FDA-approved for other purposes. The discovery of PASLI disease also contributes to our understanding of the immune system and highlights the role of PI3K-p110 delta and mTOR in immunity. Next Steps NIAID researchers are currently treating more PASLI patients with rapamycin to better understand the drug’s clinical effects. In the future, patients also may be treated with drugs that target p110 delta, rather than mTOR. However, such drugs are still under development and some are being evaluated in human disease. Researchers also continue to optimize therapy for PASLI patients, who may eventually need to undergo bone-marrow transplantation to reboot their immune systems. Reference Lucas CL, Kuehn HS, Zhao F, Niemela JE, Deenick EK, Palendira U, Avery DT, Moens L, Cannons JL, Biancalana M, Stoddard J, Ouyang W, Frucht DL, Rao VK, Atkinson TP, Agharahimi A, Hussey AA, Folio LR, Olivier KN, Fleisher TA, Pittaluga S, Holland SM, Cohen JI, Oliviera JB, Tangye SG, Schwartzberg PL, Lenardo MJ, and Uzel G. Dominant-activating germ line mutations in the gene encoding the PI3K subunit p110d result in T cell senescence and human immunodeficiency.External Web Site Policy Nature Immunology (2013)

Obituary: Dr.Milton PUZISS developer of ANTHRAX VACCINE.

Date: 26 Oct 2013 Source: Washington Post [edited] Milton Puziss, a microbiologist who helped develop the 1st human vaccine against anthrax in the United States, died on 9 Oct 2013 at the Edenton retirement community in Frederick, Maryland. He was 93. The cause was congestive heart failure, said his daughter, Marla Puziss. Dr. Puziss was working for the Army Department at Fort Detrick, Md. when he developed an anthrax vaccine in the late 1950s with another scientist, George Wright. One purpose of the research was to find a vaccine to use in the case of a biological attack. Earlier anthrax vaccines had been developed in other countries. The Wright-Puziss vaccine was tested in clinical trials, and a version of it is widely used today. After 17 years with the Army Department, Dr. Puziss joined the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in 1968. He conducted research on Legionnaire's disease and other bacterial and fungal diseases. He retired as chief of the NIAID bacteriology and virology branch in 1986. He was a recipient of the NIH Director's Award. Milton Puziss was born in Philadelphia and grew up in Shrub Oak, N.Y. After Army service in World War II, he graduated in 1948 from Kansas State University. In 1949, he received a master's degree in bacteriology and biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin, and in 1956, he received a doctorate in the same disciplines from the University of Southern California.