Related people
Lymphocytic meningoradiculitis probably due to
infection by Borrelia burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease.
Description
Lymphocytic meningoradiculitis probably due to infection by Borrelia burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease. It is an illness characterized by intense pain, mostly in the lumbar and cervical regions, and radiating to the extremities; migrating sensory and motor disorders of the peripheral nerves, peripheral radiculopathies, and cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in the form of lymphocytic pleocytosis indicating blood-brain barrier damage. The symptoms may include facial paralysis, abducens palsy, anorexia, tiredness, headache, diplopia, paraesthesias, erythema migrans, and other disorders.Bibliography
- Ch. Garin, A. Bujadoux:
Paralysie par les Tiques. Journal de médecine de Lyon, 1922, 71: 765-767. - A. Bannwarth:
Chronische lymphocytäre Meningitis, entzündliche Polyneuritis und "Rheumatismus". Ein beitrag zum Problem "Allergie und Nervensystem".
Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, Berlin, 1941, 113: 284-376. Zur Klinik und Pathogenese der "chronischen lymphocytären Meningitis".
Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, Berlin, 1944, 117: 161-185, 682-716.
A Brief History of Lyme Disease in Connecticut DPH Conn.
The
history of Lyme disease in Connecticut began in 1975 when a cluster of
children and adults residing in the Lyme, Connecticut area experienced
uncommon arthritic symptoms (1976 circular letter). By
1977, the first 51 cases of Lyme arthritis were described, and the
Ixodes scapularis (black-legged) tick was linked to the transmission of
the disease. During 1982, Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that
causes Lyme disease, was discovered and the first brochure addressing
Lyme disease was developed by the Arthritis Foundation. Serology testing
became widely available in Connecticut during 1984. In 1987, Lyme
disease became a reportable disease. All physicians were required to
report any and all cases of the disease. By 1988, the news of Lyme
disease spread and national media attention began. The first federal
funding for Lyme disease surveillance, education, and research became
available in 1991. The first Lyme disease vaccine became available in
1997. To help determine the efficacy of the vaccine, Lyme disease was
made laboratory reportable in 1998. However, the manufacturer
withdrew the vaccine from the market in 2001. In 2002, the vaccine
efficacy study ended, and Lyme disease was removed from the list of
laboratory reportable findings; however, it remained a physician
reportable disease. Initially, with little known about Lyme disease, studies and surveys were conducted to determine the occurrence of the disease in Connecticut and factors that favor acquiring the disease. This work was done by the Connecticut Department of Public Health in collaboration with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, the University of Connecticut, Yale University, local health departments, and the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The current focus of the Program is on prevention.
The emergence of Lyme disease in
Connecticut is attributed in large part to changes in land use. That is,
land at one time used for farming has become reforested and
increasingly developed for suburban residential use. These changes favor
expansion of habitat that supports ticks and wildlife and therefore
transmission of tick-borne diseases from animals to people in
residential areas and among those who work or recreate outdoors. With no
vaccine currently available, prevention is based on avoidance of tick
bites through a combination of personal protection and environmental
measure.
To help meet the program's mission, The
Epidemiology and Emerging Infections Program will continue to maintain
surveillance for Lyme disease. Public health surveillance is one of
the tools that infectious disease epidemiologists use to monitor the occurrence
of diseases of public health importance and assess the effectiveness of control
measures. In the United States, the system for reportable diseases works best
for diseases that are either rare in occurrence, involve hospitalized patients,
or for which there are definitive diagnostic laboratory tests. The system works
less well for diseases that are common, diagnosed in outpatient settings, and
for which there are no definitive diagnostic laboratory tests. The
under-reporting of these diseases, including Lyme disease, is common. Over the years, epidemiologists from the Department of Public Health (DPH) have used a variety of epidemiological methods -- including active surveillance, population-based surveys, and case-control studies -- to augment the information obtained from the traditional passive surveillance system for Lyme disease. The limitations of the traditional passive surveillance system to monitor the public health impact of Lyme disease are well documented. In February 2012, DPH epidemiologists published an article on the “Effect of Surveillance Method on Reported Characteristics of Lyme Disease, Connecticut, 1996–2007” in the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases (http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/18/2/10-1219_article.htm).
On average since 1998, the DPH has reported about 3,000 cases annually to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recently, the CDC estimated that there are approximately 10 times more people diagnosed with Lyme disease than the yearly reported number. Using the CDC estimate, approximately 30,000 people are diagnosed with Lyme disease each year in Connecticut.
